References
History of vitamin K
1. Dam H, The antihaemorrhagic vitamin of the chick. Biochem J 1935; 29(6):1273-85.
2. Dam H, The antihaemorrhagic vitamin of the chick. Biochem J 1935; 29(6):1273-85.
3. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943. Presentation speech
4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943. Presentation speech
5. Stenflo J, Fernlund P, Egan W, Roepstorff P. K vitamins dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974;71(7):2730-3.
6. Nelsestuen GL, Zytkovicz TH, Howard JB. The mode of action of K vitamins. Identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin. J Biol Chem. 1974; 10;249(19):6347-50.
7. Esmon CT, Sadowski JA, Suttie JW. A new carboxylation reaction. The vitamin K-dependent incorporation of H-14-CO3- into prothrombin. J Biol Chem. 1975;250(12):4744-8
8. Price PA, Williamson MK. Primary structure of bovine matrix Gla protein, a new vitamin K-dependent bone protein. J Biol Chem. 1985;260(28):14971-5.
9. Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, Pinero GJ, Loyer E, Behringer RR, Karsenty G. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature. 1997;386(6620):78-81.
10. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyák K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood. 2007;109(8):3279-83.
Daily requirement
11. Booth SL, Suttie JW. Dietary intake and adequacy of K vitamins. J Nutr. 1998;128(5):785-8.
12. Plantalech L, Guillaumont M, Vergnaud P, Leclercq M, Delmas PD. Impairment of gamma carboxylation of circulating osteocalcin (bone gla protein) in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6(11):1211-6.
13. van Summeren M, Braam L, Noirt F, Kuis W, Vermeer C. Pronounced elevation of undercarboxylated osteocalcin in healthy children. Pediatr Res. 2007;61(3):366-70.
14. Conly JM et at. The absorption and bioactivity of bacterially synthesized menaquinones. Clin Invest Med. 1993 Feb;16(1):45-57
15. Hollander D et al. Vitamin K2 absorption by rat everted small intestinal sacs. American Journal of Physiology, vol 231, 2, aug 1976
16. Paiva SA et al. Interaction between vitamin K nutriture and bacterial overgrowth in hypochlorhydria induced by omeprazole. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998,Vol.68,699:704.
Vitamin K2 requirement for Cardiovascular Health
17. Schurgers LJ, Spronk HM, Soute BA, et al. Regression of warfarin-induced medial elastocalcinosis by high intake of K vitamins in rats. Blood. Nov 30 2006.
18. Cranenburg EC, Vermeer C, Koos R, Boumans ML, Hackeng TM, Bouwman FG, Kwaijtaal M, Brandenburg VM, Ketteler M, Schurgers LJ. The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein (ucMGP) as a Biomarker for Cardiovascular Calcification.J Vasc Res. 2008;45(5):427-436.
Dietary Sources of Vitamin K
20. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyak K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C., Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7., Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3279-83.
21. Kaneki M, Hodges SJ, Hosoi T, Fujiwara S, Lyons A, Crean SJ, Ishida N, Nakagawa M, Takechi M, Sano Y, Mizuno Y, Hoshino S, Miyao M, Inoue S, Horiki K, Shiraki M, Ouchi Y, Orimo H. Japanese fermented soybean food as the major determinant of the large geographic difference in circulating levels of K vitamins2: possible implications for hip-fracture risk. Nutrition. 2001;17(4):315-21.
Cardiovascular health
22. Schurgers, LJ. Cranenburg, ECM and Vermeer, C. Matrix Gla –protein: The calcification inhibitor in need of vitamin K. Theme issue article. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 593-603
23. Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, van der Meer IM, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr. 2004;134(11):3100-5.
24. Beulens et al: High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Jul 19.
25. Beulens JW, Bots ML, Atsma F, Bartelink ML, Prokop M, Geleijnse JM, Witteman JC, Grobbee DE, van der Schouw YT. High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification. Atherosclerosis. 2008
26. Gast G.C.M., et al. A high menaquinone reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease in women, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Available online 28 January 2009. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2008.10.004
27. Bolland MJ, Barber PA, Doughty RN, Mason B, Horne A, Ames R, Gamble GD, Grey A, Reid IR. Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial.BMJ. 2008;336(7638):262-6.
28. Schurgers, LJ: Unpublished data
29. Iribarren C, Sidney S, Sternfeld B, Browner WS. Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. JAMA. 2000;283(21):2810-5
30. Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Coronary artery calcium as a measure of biologic age. Atherosclerosis. 2006;188(1):112-9
Bone Health
31. Vergnaud P, Garnero P, Meunier PJ, Bréart G, Kamihagi K, Delmas PD. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin measured with a specific immunoassay predicts hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(3):719-24.
32. Braam LA, Knapen MH, Geusens P, Brouns F, Hamulyák K, Gerichhausen MJ, Vermeer C. Vitamin K1 supplementation retards bone loss in postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years of age. Calcif Tissue Int. 2003;73(1):21-6.
33. Knapen MH, Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C.Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2007 ;18(7):963-72.
34. Kaneki M, Hodges SJ, Hosoi T, Fujiwara S, Lyons A, Crean SJ, Ishida N, Nakagawa M, Takechi M, Sano Y, Mizuno Y, Hoshino S, Miyao M, Inoue S, Horiki K, Shiraki M, Ouchi Y, Orimo H. Japanese fermented soybean food as the major determinant of the large geographic difference in circulating levels of vitamin K2: possible implications for hip-fracture risk. Nutrition. 2001 ;17(4):315-21.
35. Ikeda Y, Iki M, Morita A, Kajita E, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H. Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study. J Nutr. 2006;136(5):1323-8.
36. Yaegashi Y, Onoda T, Tanno K, Kuribayashi T, Sakata K, Orimo H. Association of hip fracture incidence and intake of calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and K vitamins.Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(3):219-25.
37. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyák K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood. 2007;109(8):3279-83.
Vitamin K2 and children's health
38. O'Connor E, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Jakobsen J, Lamberg-Allardt CJ, Cashman KD. Serum percentage undercarboxylated osteocalcin, a sensitive measure of K vitamins status, and its relationship to bone health indices in Danish girls. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(4):661-6.
39. Kalkwarf HJ, Khoury JC, Bean J, Elliot JG. K vitamins, bone turnover, and bone mass in girls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004t;80(4):1075-80.
40. van Summeren MJ, van Coeverden SC, Schurgers LJ, Braam LA, Noirt F, Uiterwaal CS, Kuis W, Vermeer C. K vitamins status is associated with childhood bone mineral content.Br J Nutr. 2008;1-7.
41. Prynne CJ, Thane CW, Prentice A, Wadsworth ME. Intake and sources of phylloquinone (K vitamins(1)) in 4-year-old British children: comparison between 1950 and the 1990s. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(2):171-80.
Health Concerns
42. Unpublished clinical studies, NattoPharma. On file.
43. Ness J, Aronow WS.Comparison of prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia versus without osteoporosis or osteopenia. Am J Cardiol. 2006 May 15;97(10):1427-8
44. Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kasama S, Takahashi T, Kumakura H, Takayama Y, Kanda T, Sakamaki T, Kurabayashi M.Elevated arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Maturitas. 2006 Oct 20;55(3):212-8
45. Jørgensen L, Joakimsen O, Rosvold Berntsen GK, Heuch I, Jacobsen BK.Low bone mineral density is related to echogenic carotid artery plaques: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Sep 15;160(6):549-56
46. Bagger YZ, Tankó LB, Alexandersen P, Qin G, Christiansen C; Prospective Epidemiological Risk Factors Study Group.Radiographic measure of aorta calcification is a site-specific predictor of bone loss and fracture risk at the hip. J Intern Med. 2006 Jun;259(6):598-605
47. Farhat GN, Cauley JA, Matthews KA, Newman AB, Johnston J, Mackey R, Edmundowicz D, Sutton-Tyrrell K.Volumetric BMD and vascular calcification in middle-aged women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. J Bone Miner Res. 2006 Dec;21(12):1839-46
48. Jie KG, Bots ML, Vermeer C, Witteman JC, Grobbee DE.Vitamin K status and bone mass in women with and without aortic atherosclerosis: a population-based study.Calcif Tissue Int. 1996 Nov;59(5):352-6
49. Vermeer C, Shearer MJ, Zittermann A, Bolton-Smith C, Szulc P, Hodges S, Walter P, Rambeck W, Stöcklin E, Weber P.Beyond deficiency: potential benefits of increased intakes of vitamin K for bone and vascular health. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Dec;43(6):325-35. Epub 2004 Feb 5. Review.
50. Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, van der Meer IM, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr. 2004;134(11):3100-5
51. Kaneki M, Hodges SJ, Hosoi T, Fujiwara S, Lyons A, Crean SJ, Ishida N, Nakagawa M, Takechi M, Sano Y, Mizuno Y, Hoshino S, Miyao M, Inoue S, Horiki K, Shiraki M, Ouchi Y, Orimo H. Japanese fermented soybean food as the major determinant of the large geographic difference in circulating levels of vitamin K2: possible implications for hip-fracture risk. Nutrition. 2001;17(4):315-21
52. Ikeda Y, Iki M, Morita A, Kajita E, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H. Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study. J Nutr. 2006;136(5):1323-8
53. Yaegashi Y, Onoda T, Tanno K, Kuribayashi T, Sakata K, Orimo H. Association of hip fracture incidence and intake of calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin K.Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(3):219-25
54. Vermeer C, Hamulyák K. Pathophysiology of K vitamins-deficiency and oral anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost. 1991;66(1):153-9.
55. Caraballo PJ, Gabriel SE, Castro MR, Atkinson EJ, Melton LJ 3rd. Changes in bone density after exposure to oral anticoagulants: a meta-analysis.Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(5):441-8.
Comparison of different vitamin K supplements
56. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyák K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood. 2007;109(8):3279-83.
57. Unpublished clinical studies, NattoPharma. On file.
58. Unpublished clinical studies, NattoPharma. On file.
For more references, please visit www.vitamink2.org website